Istio in Production?

Omer Levi Hevroni
Istio is one of the most popular service mesh. It can help in solving many issues that surface when running a lot of microservices – things like authentication, authorization, observability and traffic routing. It all sounds really promising, so we decided to give it a try at Soluto. During the process of deploying it on an existing cluster and enabling it on existing workloads, I faced a lot of interesting issues. Let me share some of them with you. Continue reading “Istio in Production?” →

Do we really need threat modeling?

Omer Levi Hevroni

I’m a huge fun of threat modeling. It’s a very powerful tool, that can find a lot of security issues. If you’re not familiar with it, check out my earlier post on the subject. For the past few years, I was struggling with one simple question: when should we conduct threat modeling? After all, threat modeling has a price – it takes time to conduct it, and usually involve a few peoples. We can’t conduct a full threat model for every feature – we need to find a way to identify the “interesting” features that require a threat model.

One very interesting solution to this hard problem was proposed by Izar Tarandach in this talk. In short, he proposes to tag features as “threat model worthy”, and once in a while go over all the features with this tag and review them. This is a really interesting approach, and I highly recommend you to watch the entire talk. However, from my experience, it’s not a silver bullet for this problem, and I want to propose an alternative approach.

Continue reading “Do we really need threat modeling?” →

Debugging iOS apps with Zaproxy

Omer Levi Hevroni

The other day I was debugging a really nasty bug that happens only in our iOS app. I was really frustrated because I couldn’t figure out why it happens. Everything looks good when debugging the iOS code, but for some reason – the server failed to deserialize the request body. I freaked out – nothing I tried seems to solve the issue. If only there was an easy way to view the actual request and response, maybe I could understand what the issue was…

This is where a proxy comes in handy: A proxy can inspect the traffic and print it an easy to understand manner. There are a lot of available proxies you can use (like Charles (commercial) or Fidler), but OWASP Zaproxy (Zap) is the best open source proxy that I know. Let’s see how easy it is to set it up:

Continue reading “Debugging iOS apps with Zaproxy” →
Utilisation - illustration

Monitoring Kubernetes HPA Utilization

Omer Levi Hevroni

In the past few weeks, I was working on migrating a legacy micro-service to Kubernetes platform. The migration process was relatively simple – mainly migrating the code from .NET 4.5 framework to .NET core 2.2. After making sure the service is deployed and working is expected, I started to gradually move production traffic to the new instance. The new service handle the traffic well, and I was happy – look like this task is about to complete!

After a few days of a gradual rollout, I felt good enough to move all the traffic to the new service. And then it hit me: will the new service be able to handle the load of production traffic? I mean, I configured a Horizontal Pod Autoscaler (HPA) for this service – but does it enough? Apparently – no. But before I’ll explain why, let’s do a quick recap on HPA.

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Keeping Prometheus in Shape

Omer Levi Hevroni

Prometheus is a great monitoring tool. It can easily scrape all the services in your cluster dynamically, without any static configuration. For me, the move from manual metrics shipping to Prometheus was magical. But, like any other technology we’re using, Prometheus need special care an love. If not handled properly, it can easily get out of shape. Why does it happen? And how can we keep it in shape? Let’s first do a quick recap of how Prometheus works.

Prometheus Monitoring Model

Prometheus works differently from other monitoring systems – it uses pull over push model. The push model is simple: Just push metrics from your code directly to the monitoring system, for example – Graphite.

Pull model is fundamentally different – the service exposes metrics on a specific endpoint, and Prometheus scrapes them once in a while (the scrape interval – see here how to configure it). While there are reasons to prefer push over the pull model, it has its own challenges: Each metric scrape operation can take time; what happens if it the scrape take longer then the scrape interval?

For example, let’s say Prometheus is configured to scrape its targets (that’s how services are called in Prometheus language) once in 20 seconds; what will happen if one scrape takes more then 20 seconds? The result is out of order metrics: instead of having a data point every 20 seconds, it will be every time the scrape completed. What can we do?

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Using Wiremock for Fun and Mocking

Omer Levi Hevroni

Mocking – something we all need, and yet, usually, hate. Simply because writing mocks is a boring and cumbersome task. The good news – it doesn’t have to be like that. There are so many good alternatives that make mocking easier: From libraries that ease the process of writing the mock, though contract testing with Pact (which solve the problem in a totally different way) to automatically generating mocks using Swagger/Open API spec. All are really good solutions – but today I want to focus on WireMock: A tool that really makes mocking a fun.

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Threat Modeling as Code

Omer Levi Hevroni

Infrastructure-as-code (and GitOps) extend the use of source control (git) and code (well, manifest files) into a new field. This changed radically how we create infrastructure in the cloud, by making the process more robust and less error prone, and also easier for developers. Can we do the same for threat modeling? How can threat-modeling-as-code change and improve the way we do threat modeling today?

Let’s start with a really short introduction to threat modeling. Threat modeling is a practice that help us take a system design and look for possible security issues, by asking these 4 questions:

  1. What are we building?
  2. What can go wrong?
  3. What are we doing about it?
  4. Are we doing a good job?

Conduction a threat model helps to find issues sooner – and in most cases, detect issues that are hard to find using other practices. This is why conducting a threat model is a critical part in building a secre software. If you’re not familiar with this practice, I’m highly recommending this post by Adam Shostack, one of the authorities in the field. OWASP Threat Modeling project (and channel) is also an excellent learning resource.

Continue reading “Threat Modeling as Code” →

What’s inside the box?

Omer Levi Hevroni

In the last two weeks, I was working on releasing the first OSS release of Kamus, a secret management solution for Kubernetes. To release Kamus, I had to publish a few docker images to Docker Hub and the CLI – which is deployed as an NPM package. This was the first time I had to deal with deploying packages to a repository. Doing this process thought made me thinks a lot about the (in)security of this process, and I want to share these thoughts with you. It’s all sums up to one small question – what’s inside the box? Do you know what you install when you download a package from a repository?

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Hacking Juice Shop, the DevSecOps Way

Omer Levi Hevroni

Every DevSecOps engineer will recommend you to start using security tests. I personally just blogged about it recently – if you’re not familiar with the concept, I’ll highly encourage you to read it first. It’s sound right, but there is one important question: Can we find real exploits using security tests? Can we pwn a web application by scanning it for security issues?

The best way to find out is to take a real broken web application, scan it with various security tests and look for exploits we can use. Today victim is OWASP Juice Shop, a very famous vulnerable web application, written using NodeJS and Angular. Let’s try to hack it, the DevSecOps way!

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Investigating Kubernetes Nodes Disk Usage

Omer Levi Hevroni

Today, I looked at our production Kubernetes cluster dashboard and I noticed something weird:

disk usage is high - almost 80%!
(sum (node_filesystem_size) – sum (node_filesystem_free)) / sum (node_filesystem_size) * 100

Well, this looks pretty bad. This is the average disk usage of the nodes running in the cluster. On average, only 20% percent of the disk in each node is available. This is probably not a good sign.

Continue reading “Investigating Kubernetes Nodes Disk Usage” →